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The Human Bone – An Iron Age Sword and Mirror Cist Burial from Bryher, Isles of Scilly – 4/1 hazel terrace henley beach south free download

 
The decorated mouth panel, and Henley has a decorated associated mirror cannot be dated closely see mouth panel but no midrib. Widest of the pin, consistent with it having been damaged just behind the head 5. However, these did not provide more information about the position of the body than was Cist structure already known from excavation and therefore no The cist survived complete below the surface of the further analysis was carried out on the phosphate field, the flat, upper face of the capstones lying at a samples Keeley and Smith Male, 30—35 Iron sword in a bronze scabbard, century BC Grave-pit years shield boss and fittings, bronze headband, suspension ring, bronze brooch Bryher, Isles of Scilly —50 BC Inhumation, crouched. The potato crop was lifted in July—August buried remains in the surrounding field s were and ridging-up for a winter crop of potatoes was to take potentially vulnerable to ploughing and it was place from the beginning of November. The with mm to mm for the others. The presence of only three clamps at function is unclear but they may have been rivets in Bryher is a problem. The thin, straight sides. Fig The decoration on the below , but the earliest British decorated bronze Bryher mouth panel resembles Meare Heath and mirror that can be dated is from Chilham Castle, with Hunsbury in being engraved, chased or incised, with brooches of the mid first century BC Stead ❿
 
 

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A team of dedicated event organisers will ensure any function will be just right and remain stress free. Golfing Escapes Why not think about haazel Sanctuary for a golfing break? If this imitates globular knob Fig Four of these objects were incised or painted decoration on some full size recovered from the grave. They are similar to each shields, can we envisage the original Bryher shield other Fig They are made in two cast parts with similar decoration?

Each consists of semi- spherical domed knob, 18mm in diameter and 15mm The brooch high, attached to a straight-sided collar of the same metal with an external diameter of 16mm, internal J D Hill diameter of 12—13mm and a height of 5mm.

Although binding strip or directly to the shield. Distinction between the two In these cases the knobs are an integral part types depends on the shape of the catch-plate that, of the binding strip, worked from the sheet of metal unfortunately, does not survive in this case. The used for the binding. Made of large central part of the pin remains intact, as does copper alloy, each is c 9—12mm wide, and 8—9mm the head of the bow.

The surface of the bow is badly long. In section they are U- or C-shaped, fitting over pitted by corrosion but traces of the original a gap c 8—10mm wide. Each is segmented with three decoration can be traced under a binocular lobes. The outer lobes on each side are of a shallow microscope. There is no clear evidence for where on bowhead and start of the spring coil 26mm long. Widest of the pin, consistent with it having been damaged just behind the head 5.

The bow would have stood type. It is not a classic Nauheim brooch, but there about 13mm high from the pin. Close to the break were many contemporary variations on this theme. The a long period. The later variations on this theme are surviving part of the spring coils to the left.

There the Nauheim derivative brooches that continue to are two other fragments of the spring coil, giving have been made in the first and even second centuries a maximum of two coils. However, it is impossible AD. The main distinction between derivative and to say if the spring had an internal or external earlier classic and variant brooches is the shape of the chord. The spring fragment with the start of the pin foot. Classic Nauheim and early Nauheim variants has two sharp, tiny fractures at the top of the start have open feet with a perforated catch-plate.

It could, however, be argued that a solid they were most common in the last quarter of the foot might have been preserved in the Bryher burial, second century BC and first quarter of the first albeit as a separate fragment, if originally present.

The flat bow, as on both the Bryher were most common during the first half of the first and St Keverne brooches, occurs on all earlier types century BC. This dating is confirmed by work on and many later derivatives. Cross-rib decoration is —75 BC. While the variations on this type most common on earlier types, as here. Certainly The mirror in southern Britain there are very few Nauheim and Nauheim variants in the early phase of the Aylesford- J D Hill Swarling cremation burials, where brooches are most commonly Knotenfibel — the type fossil for the early The mirror was found close to the head of the body Welwyn phase burials Stead — and other plain Fig 17 , placed face up; that is, with the undecorated bowed types with pronounced high, sharp shoulders.

It bronze decorated mirrors so far found and has is possible that the Nauheim variant brooches from several unique features. St Keverne and Bryher could date as early as BC The mirror is made from two pieces, an oval plate but a probable date of between and 50 BC might with a decorated back and a cast loop handle that is be suggested and they could have been made later attached to the plate without rivets Figs 24 and There is no binding strip around the edge of the The position of the brooch near or over the legs mirror plate.

The plate is now very thin, only about and feet is similar to the position of the brooch from 1mm thick. Uniquely, the mirror plate has a milled the warrior burial at Deal, Kent Stead , In edge with approximately five to six notches per most Continental and British inhumations with centimetre that survives around parts of the top lip brooches, the brooch is found at the shoulder or by of the plate.

No other mirror shares this feature. The the side of the head. This suggests it was being used mirror plate is mm wide and mm tall, in to hold a cloak on the deceased body during burial. The top half of the plate is At Deal, Stead suggested the brooch might have been semi-circular but the lower half is an asymmetrical in or on a cloak laid over the corpse upside down, as flattened arch.

The lower left quadrant of the mirror was the mail shirt from the Kirkburn cart burial edge is particularly irregular. This might be a product Stead a. Alternatively, the cloak may have of poor preservation, although it is possible that the been folded and laid over the feet. The shape of the mirror plate could be drawn approximately 10—11mm inside the edge.

These triangles are not However, the band of incised infilled triangles identically drawn and vary slightly in size and angle. Each triangle the plate. But in the lower half the band tapers is further sub-divided by two smaller infilled towards and disappears altogether before reaching triangles of similar sizes and an empty diamond. This might have been intentional, but Each smaller triangle is filled with six unevenly there are no signs of the milling around the lip of the spaced engraved diagonal lines.

There is also clear evidence The main design is difficult to reconstruct, but that the handle fits over areas of the main design on covers almost every part of the plate.

Areas filled the mirror plate. At the top of the plate one part of the where they appear to be cut off. It would be very design extends up to and possibly touches the outer unusual for a mirror design to not have a zone band of triangles.

The design certainly was not between it and the mirror edge. This evidence contained in two or more circles, as with the mirror suggests that the mirror plate might have been from Trelan Bahow on the Lizard.

Unfortunately, it broken at some time in the past. The handle and a is not possible to say much more about the shape and lower part of the plate possibly broke away from the nature of this design.

However, given the area of the main part of the plate. The original? If this is correct, plate Fig Here there exist two concentric circles it implies that the original shape of the mirror plate with at least 11 lines radiating between them. The was circular. Overall, these concentric circles were not widest point of the top, 20mm wide at the waist and executed with great precision.

The top of the outer 34mm across at the widest point on the main loop. Equally, the radiating lines joining the circles IIIa. Cast as a single piece, the plain main loop are not evenly spaced or slanted. This element looks of the handle is waisted with a bipartite band. The very similar to the so-called Solar or Sun Disk motif top of the handle is unique, made in the form of that was used at different times and places in another loop turned in on itself to create two looped prehistoric Europe.

No other British decorated mirror arms. The surfaces are so badly This motif has a long history throughout later corroded that the decoration on the rear barely shows prehistoric Europe, although considerable caution is and the extent and nature of the original design are needed before relating the motif on the Bryher mirror very difficult to establish.

It is only because of the to similar motifs used in different cultures and at skill and dedication of the illustrator, Stephen different periods of European prehistory. Crummy, that so much has been traced. The design Certainly, compared with other mirrors, the on the back of the plate starts from the picot edge. A Bryher find shows less consistency and precision in band of engraved decoration extends around the creating and highlighting the design. Part of a complete outer edge of the back of the plate, curving element in the lower left portion of the plate including under the arms of the handle.

The use of basket mirrors were widely distributed, if not necessarily weave is often uneven in terms of the number and common, across most of southern and western size of strokes and their orientation and spacing; in Britain and around the Irish Sea province. There is The Bryher mirror is unusual for its small size, a similar lack of even spacing, direction and linearity oval plate and band of decoration around the plate for the diagonal infilling.

If it has been trimmed down from an original Decorated bronze mirrors are a well-known type round plate, however, the size and shape of this of British Later Iron Age object Fox ; Fox and mirror may not be atypical. It is similar to one other Pollard ; Jope ; Stead British that, until the new discovery on Bryher, was mirrors have been most recently reviewed by considered an oddity; the mirror from Trelan Bahow, Fitzpatrick in the context of the mirror from St Keverne, on the Lizard peninsula Jope Rogers Portesham, Dorset.

At least 20 complete or almost ; Fig This was found in while cutting complete examples are known. With one exception, a new road across a large field. Several cist burials they are only found in Britain and are a distinctively were disturbed, one containing a mirror, several glass British object. The exception is a mirror from a first beads, bronze bracelets and a broken brooch.

The century AD cremation burial from Nijmegen, brooch is very similar to the one in the Bryher grave, Holland. This may have been made by a British being a Nauheim variant with a flat bow but also craftsperson or by someone who had seen British missing its foot. The mirror is round without a mirrors Jope These decorated bronze binding strip around the edge of the plate. The handle mirrors are probably related to the equally insular is a simple loop type.

The mirror has a band of and earlier iron mirrors known from burials in East incised triangles around the edge of the plate and the Yorkshire Fitzpatrick , Stead There are main design is contained in two circles across the also three composite mirrors from Britain; one with centre of the mirror.

Mirrors are comparatively finding a steady market in remote communities may, rare from other parts of Iron Age Europe Stead in mirrors as in other things, go on producing , Where the context is known, almost every However, the Bryher mirror provides a better local decorated bronze mirror has been found in a grave; context in which to reassess the St Keverne mirror.

Both have small circular recent study by Henrietta Quinnell pers comm or near circular plates with loop handles, although suggests that the provenance of the Holcombe mirror the handle of the St Keverne mirror is a simple loop was in fact a burial pit. Most mirrors have come from type compared to the more extravagant arms of the south-east England Kent, Essex, Buckinghamshire, Bryher find.

The St Keverne mirror has a band of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire , although this engraved triangles running around the edge of the probably reflects the more frequent incidence of decorated surface of the mirror, again very similar to formal burial in this part of Britain in the Late Iron the band of triangles on the Bryher mirror. Only Age and the greater scale of modern development.

Dorset, and other mirrors and mirror handles have The decoration on the St Keverne mirror is unique come from around the Irish Sea — south-west for any British mirror. Most mirror designs are Scotland Balmaclellan, Carlingwark , north-west variations on three interconnected roundels Fox Wales Llechwedd du Bach , south-west Wales ; Jope The St Keverne mirror has two Llanwnda and northern and central Ireland isolated roundels containing a flowing design set Ballybogy Bog, Lambay Island — suggesting that across the middle of the plate.

Other mirrors of this type have been design is the mirror from Stamford Hill, Plymouth, known for a long time, but lacked any contextual which has three isolated roundels containing the information for example, the Mayer and Gibbs design Cunliffe , 87— This mirror is later mirrors: Fox The similar Lexden, Colchester, than that from St Keverne but these common mirror, initially dated to the early first century AD elements may point to a stylistic difference between Fox , 91—3 , probably dates to before 15 BC south-western mirror designs and those made in the Fitzpatrick , The Ashton mirror came from south east.

Certainly, the Bryher and St Keverne a disturbed Aylesford-Swarling type cremation mirrors show striking similarities in shape and burial Rook et al ; associated with it was some dating, and both have the distinctive bands of disturbed pottery, wheel-made grog-tempered wares triangles around the plate edges Fig Placed in consistent with a first century BC date. The graves separated only by 80km of sea, these mirrors Latchmere Green mirror, also from a cremation from Scilly and the Lizard are probably products of grave, was dated on stylistic grounds to the early first local workshops, even the same workshop, and do century AD, although the pottery and iron fibulae not need to be seen as imports from other parts of provide a terminus post quem of the late first century southern Britain contra Fox They may also BC Fulford and Creighton , This writer be the earliest known bronze decorated mirrors from would argue that the pedestal urn and the iron the British Isles.

The Chilham Castle mirror deposition of mirrors concentrated on the early to unequivocally comes from a first century BC middle first century AD. This led to the assumption cremation burial. As discussed by of the first century BC at the earliest Fox , Jope Stead , these brooches are type fossils of Recent finds, including this one from Bryher, Aylesford-Swarling cremations of the first century show that decorated mirrors were being made earlier BC and can be dated on Continental evidence to La in the first century BC.

Stead has argued that the Chilham Castle mirrors to be created. The earliest examples usually brooches are stylistically early and were perhaps have circular or near-circular plates, with loop made before 50 BC. This would imply that the handles, and lack a binding strip around the edge of Chilham Castle mirror was one of the earliest mirrors the mirror plate.

These can now be firmly dated to so far known. The newly discovered mirror from the first century BC. Later mirrors often have larger Shillington is of a similar middle first century BC plates that can be kidney-shaped and there may be a date. This metal detector find is associated with a binding strip around the edge. Handles are often silver Knotenfibel Hill b. To these early finds can be added the Bryher and The design on the mirror plate can be more extensive St Keverne mirrors.

Both are associated with and elaborate. These mirrors, including those from Nauheim brooches. Assuming that western handle but lacks the binding strip around the edge Cornwall and Scilly were not conservative in the and is dated to the late first century BC Farley type of brooches in use in the first century BC, a date These mirrors may have continued to be in the first half of the first century BC or slightly made, and were certainly in use, for several decades earlier can be argued for both burials.

If the Bryher mirror was broken and repaired been found in the last 20 years: Aston Rook et al before being placed in the grave, it might already , Latchmere Green Fulford and Creighton have been relatively old when buried. The shattered tin object J D Hill Under the mirror, in the block of earth in which it was lifted, was an unidentifiable object made from tin Figs 13 and It Trustees of the British Museum appears to have been constructed from very thin tin sheeting strips about 3mm wide and was constructed The current evidence suggests that decorated around an almost square wire frame base, 43mm by mirrors need not be seen as an innovation produced in 46mm.

Rather, the strips, but what the original shape was, whether it distinctive features of these mirrors, such as the was completely sealed, had a lid or was open, is decorated band around the edge, the unusual main impossible to ascertain. There are almost no other examples present. It also shows how local Scillonian—Cornish from the Iron Age except for seven small objects craftspeople were an active part of the wider from Meare Lake Village Gray and Bulleid Flattened Mineral-preserved fibres were noted by Margaret and severely corroded, the ring has an internal Brooks on two of the objects from the Bryher diameter of approximately 20mm and has two-and- cist.

Samples were therefore removed and sent a-half or three spirals. The ring appears to have been for specialist examination at Textile Research. Made from One sample was taken from the iron hilt of the thin wire, now only 1—2mm thick but originally sword and the other from around the outside of the probably slightly thicker, this would have been a copper-alloy spiral ring.

The original position of the very fine ring compared with other copper-alloy Iron hilt of the sword within the grave is uncertain, Age spiral rings. It is probably a finger or toe ring. Only three definite and possible rings and the fibres were then identified using a were found at Danebury Cunliffe and Poole Scanning have an average diameter of Most of the other known Iron Margaret Brooks as a cross-reference.

Walton Rogers Sheepskins do not seem to have been most being around 20 microns taken from 25 fibres identified as yet in burials from the British Iron Age and there appear to be remains of some coarser fibres but there are several short sheepskin capes from Pre- which have fragmented. The cuticular scale pattern is Roman Iron Age non-burial sites in Denmark Hald irregular mosaic, sometimes waved, with smooth ; Walton The Bryher remains could near margins. On one of the better-preserved fibres represent the remains of such a garment or a simple there is an interrupted medulla, although most fibres sheepskin wrapper for the sword.

Cross- sections are oval. Because the original position of the hilt within the grave is The sample taken from the spiral ring proved to be a uncertain, it is impossible to say what function this twisted and distorted piece of textile. The weave fleece, or sheepskin, served within the burial. Animal cannot be identified with confidence, but the yarns skins are relatively common in prehistoric burials. The surface is slightly matted in places.

The scale-pattern is irregular mosaic with In the case of Bryher, the fibres are more likely to have smooth distant margins; cross-sections are circular been accidentally spun or woven into the textile during and there are medullas on fibres of 30 microns. This manufacture, or may represent the remains of another may be tentatively identified as the undercoat of animal pelt within the burial.

The most diagnostic fibres of goat hair are the Relatively coarse textiles made from Z-spun yarn coarse outer ones, but these tend to be air filled and have been found throughout lowland north-west are particularly prone to fragmentation when Europe in the pre-Roman Iron Age, and in Britain in mineralised, which may explain their absence here.

These represent fur from a small mammal Walton unpublished. There is less evidence for the such as rabbit or squirrel. Some spun badger-fur yarn Middle Iron Age but the Bryher example suggests was used in the Hochdorf textiles separately from the that similar technology was available. This cist is also cut into the natural ram, which is harder at this location, although it was not clear whether it is cut through a buried soil layer.

This cist is 1. The walls apparently consist of a single course of edge-bedded granite stones, with one surviving in situ capstone. It is reasonable to assume that the two cists at Hillside Farm are contemporary and could be part of a more extensive cemetery.

However, geophysical survey proved ineffective in detecting additional cists, even the exposed cist failing to produce a distinguishable earth resistance anomaly. It is conceivable that the two groups of graves are both part of a larger cemetery cf Ashbee , The Harlyn Bay cemetery, excavated in , contained more than 50 graves in an area of approximately square metres; the positions of 70 others were not recorded, however, and the overall area occupied by burials may have been substantially greater Whimster , 73—5.

The fact same cemetery or represent separate groups of that a single spun yarn runs through the ring suggests burials. The unusual stone-floored cist in Green Bay, that the textile and ring form part of the same object, Bryher, lies approximately m east of the sword perhaps a garment or cover with a ring fastener.

A cist cemetery? It was Structural and stratigraphic evidence revealed during evaluation trenching to examine a discrete pit anomaly, 2. Like the survive at the southern end of the cist field, where excavated cist it underlies a later buried soil and turf- Trench 5 revealed part of a stone-walled building on line The turf-line is cut by the pit [] and is top of an approximately 10m wide occupation sealed by a layer of hillwash Fig The top of terrace Figs 8, 32—5.

The terrace is situated the cist was uncovered at a depth of mm below the between the 15m and 20m contour lines, some 40m present ground surface; the character of the upslope and south east of the excavated cist. On top of the the northern edge of the curvilinear field system wall was found a complete stone bowl Fig 41, S4.

The The terrace is defined to the north by a substantial features in Trench 8 may relate to a substantial stone stony lynchet [] and a settlement boundary made building, c 8m in overall diameter, suggested by the up of a 1m wide, double-skinned stone-faced wall geophysical survey results Fig 8.

Like the structure with a dense, crushed, limpet midden infill [], a in Trench 5, this became a repository for domestic construction method noted in other prehistoric rubbish after its abandonment. An auger survey Scillonian structures J Ratcliffe pers comm. North revealed that midden deposits extend over an area of of the lynchet is a buried soil with possible some square metres in the centre of the field ploughmarks. About 1. The north wall of the building Other archaeological remains were recorded to the comprises a robbed out, double-faced stone wall north of Trench 5 in Trench 4 Fig At the north- []—[], a massive 2.

The building ditches or gullies of uncertain function and date. At its appears to be 3. This layer was 50mm thick and lay at a depth of consist of a discrete patch of yellow—olive-grey clay mm beneath the modern ground surface.

The adjacent to a stone-lined and -capped drain working hypothesis during excavation was that it could []. Thin-section micro-morphological analysis of be an artificial floor of anthropogenically reworked a sample from the clay surface indicates that it loess and consequently the deposit was sampled for represents in situ modification of the subsoil adjacent heavy mineral analysis for comparison with other loess to the drain, caused by periodic saturation of the deposits in the area.

Results showed that the mineral material by overflow from the drain during its active suites were not directly comparable, indicating that the use. The presence of vivianite, a secondary mineral, deposit is unlikely to be loess. Its source is still unclear. It therefore seems likely that this building processes Heathcote The only pottery functioned as a byre or as shared animal and human recovered from Trench 4 was an unstratified sherd of habitation Heathcote After going out of use, the building was infilled Of the other evaluation trenches, Trench 2 was with domestic rubbish in the form of a sequence of positioned to investigate a tentative cist anomaly and limpet middens and redeposited burnt material No archaeological features or deposits a period of abandonment and disuse between the were encountered in Trenches 6, 7 or 9.

Trench 10 second and sixth centuries AD, corroborated by contained a spread of rubble from a collapsed wall; analysis of the pottery from this trench.

E ware Trench 8 Fig 8. There, mm below the modern recovered from the ground surface indicated that the ground surface, limpet middens — , and midden is likely to date to the seventh century AD. Technical reports on post-Roman in date; one was samian and four were geoarchaeology by J L Heathcote and geophysics by Class E post-Roman imports weighing together Neil Linford et al have been deposited with the g.

In addition, a little medieval and post-medieval excavation archive. The absence of this later material from stratified deposits indicates that these The pottery had suffered little disturbance. Details of the assemblage, by context, fabric, Henrietta Quinnell, with petrographic comment by weight and abrasion, are given in Table 3.

Abrasion R T Taylor is presented following Sorenson Grade 2 A2 is which it was found immediately after breakage. The majority of the microscope. His detailed petrographic descriptions, Hillside Farm sherds had medium abrasion which, numbered RT 1—14, have been deposited in the together with the low average weight of sherds in archive but are summarized in the fabric descrip- local fabrics, c 6g, indicates that most of the tions. With numerous minor variations, this appears to be the main fabric produced in Scilly from Gabbroic 1.

Inclusions: altered and fresh brown but irregular firing can cause grey patches; feldspar, amphibole, magnetite, rare sub-rounded soft; moderate, medium inclusions; exterior surface quartz, a little white mica in some sherds RT 1, 4, smoothed. Inclusions as Granitic 1 but some 11, Generally similar to the gabbroic fabrics biotite noted RT Variant of Granitic 2, with from the St Keverne area of the Lizard. Gabbroic sparser inclusions, which has not previously been fabric appears on Scilly in sherds of Cordoned ware distinguished.

Quinnell , 73 , possibly in the first century BC, and gradually becomes more common until it forms Granitic Derived 1. Inclusions: quartz — angular, also sub- It is unlikely that the Gabbroic 2. There, such fabrics have been recognised rare sub-rounded quartz RT 7. It has not so far been recognised second centuries BC. Granitic Derived 2. Quartz, mainly angular, but with a few rounded grains, muscovite, tourmaline and some sub-rounded and occasional very well rounded and fresh feldspar RT 2.

These analyses suggest a date range from the advent of South West Granitic Derived 3. The fabric is surface smoothed. Inclusions: much fine grained assumed to be Scillonian but all granitic fabrics quartz, some larger quartz, some well-rounded; some described here are petrographically indistinguishable fresh cleaved feldspar and muscovite RT Inclusions as surface smoothed. High granite, rare grains brown cleaved pyroxene, rare quality exterior burnish is typical of that found on grains magnetite, fine grained quartzo-feldspathic jars, as P1.

In the P6: Midden A Fig 8. Edge of lid, Gabbroic 1 fabric past it has probably not been distinguished from Fig 38 but less compact than other sherds; rather gabbroic fabrics. Granite occurs in the Lizard, and larger feldspar inclusions and rough finish.

Lids clays should be present there that contain mixed occur throughout the Roman period in Cornwall material from both gabbroic and granite outcrops. Carlyon , Group 44 and probably into the immediate post-Roman centuries. Enumerated sherds in local fabrics Samian These are diagnostic sherds, assigned a distin- guishing pottery reference number: P1, P2, etc. P7: Trench 5, unstratified Fig Rim sherd jar second century AD not illustrated.

Exterior burnish. P8: Trench 7, unstratified Fig 8. A body sherd P2: context midden Fig Rim sherd from which may well be from the same vessel as P10, Cordoned ware dish, Gabbroic 1 fabric Fig A similar copy P illustrated.

Cordoned ware, in the late first, possibly early second century P9: Trench 7, unstratified Fig 8. Body sherd, thin, AD, imitates a range of imported material. A copy faint indications of being near angle of base. From of a samian Dr 29 bowl occurred at Carvossa its size, this can only be part of a small beaker-like Carlyon , fig 3, no 92 , a site with a range of vessel, type E2 not illustrated.

Large sherd with basal angle, Down Dickenson and Hartley in Samuels , Grass-marked or thin cord while still turning and lower part of wall base sherd, Granitic 2 fabric not illustrated. The Fig Typical E1 jar, medium-size rather than only grass-marked sherd present. The style may start large for typology see Thomas , fig 1. P Midden B, unstratified Fig 8. Basal sherd, angle with part of base showing strong wire cut-off P4: context midden Fig

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