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The mammalian pancreas is required for normal metabolism, with defects in this vital organ commonly observed in cancer and diabetes. We also demonstrated that vanillin facilitated the fragmentation of mitochondria. The large tumour suppressor 1 LATS1 signalling network has been proved to be an essential regulator within the cell, participating in multiple cellular phenotypes. HPV E6 protein, a major etiological molecule of cervical cancer, maintains high YAP protein levels in cervical cancer cells by preventing proteasome-dependent YAP degradation to drive cervical cancer cell proliferation. The youngest volcanic rocks are dacitic intrusions having an age of ❿
 
 

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Charles Richard Patterson was born as a slave on a Virginia plantation in Twenty eight years laterand highlighted its role in relaying vaccine information. Hot galleries, thousands new daily. So the next two paragraphs are about these. Should machines be used to do good and services instead humans? I believe they should not for many reasons.

Federated States of Micronesia\’s forest resources, Estimates of forest area, tree stem volume and biomass, the numbers of trees, tree damages, and the distribution of tree sizes were summarized for this Getting to Know Education in the Pacific Region. This document begins by providing a map of the REL Pacific region overlaid on a map of….

Prevalence of obesity and acanthosis nigricans among young children in the children\’s healthy living program in the United States Affiliated Pacific.

Analyses weighted to jurisdiction-specific sex and age distributions accounting for clustering of communities within jurisdictions. Prevalence of obesity was In total, 4. Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden. Full Text Available We studied the ectosymbionts associating with the sea anemone Stichodactyla gigantea at Kosrae , Micronesia. Ectosymbionts of seven species associated with Anemones hosting one or more ectosymbionts did not differ significantly in size from anemones lacking ectosymbionts and there was no significant correlation between anemone size and the number of ectosymbionts.

Of 67 ectosymbionts observed, the sea cucumber Stichopus vastus comprised This study documents the first records of S. Because humans often harvest S. Phil G. Ashiglar; Ned B. As a result of the forest pathology trip that occurred during September of , advances were made on several important fronts, and future activities were also identified as critical for addressing threats to forest health in Micronesia.

The purpose of this chapter is to list and briefly describe each of these activities. Phil Cannon; Ned B. Schlub; Roger Brown; Sara M. Ashiglar; Amy L. Ross-Davis; John W. Ganoderma and Phellinus are two common fungal genera causing butt-rot on trees growing on USA-affiliated islands of the western Pacific.

Although these fungi can be quite prevalent, especially in some older mangrove stands, it appears that the majority of infections caused by these fungi leads to severe rotting of the heartwood but do not kill the living Genome-wide association studies in an isolated founder population from the Pacific Island of Kosrae. Full Text Available It has been argued that the limited genetic diversity and reduced allelic heterogeneity observed in isolated founder populations facilitates discovery of loci contributing to both Mendelian and complex disease.

A strong founder effect, severe isolation, and substantial inbreeding have dramatically reduced genetic diversity in natives from the island of Kosrae , Federated States of Micronesia, who exhibit a high prevalence of obesity and other metabolic disorders.

We hypothesized that genetic drift and possibly natural selection on Kosrae might have increased the frequency of previously rare genetic variants with relatively large effects, making these alleles readily detectable in genome-wide association analysis. However, mapping in large, inbred cohorts introduces analytic challenges, as extensive relatedness between subjects violates the assumptions of independence upon which traditional association test statistics are based. We performed genome-wide association analysis for 15 quantitative traits in 2, members of the Kosrae population, using novel approaches to manage the extreme relatedness in the sample.

As positive controls, we observe association to known loci for plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein and to a compelling candidate loci for thyroid stimulating hormone and fasting plasma glucose. However, no such large effects were observed with genome-wide significance, arguing that even in such a severely inbred population, common alleles typically have modest effects.

Finally, we show that a majority of common variants discovered in Caucasians have indistinguishable effect sizes on Kosrae , despite the major differences in population genetics and environment. Surface elevation change and susceptibility of different mangrove zones to sea-level rise on Pacific high islands of Micronesia.

Mangroves on Pacific high islands offer a number of important ecosystem services to both natural ecological communities and human societies.

High islands are subjected to constant erosion over geologic time, which establishes an important source of terrigeneous sediment for nearby marine communities. Many of these sediments are deposited in mangrove forests and offer mangroves a potentially important means for adjusting surface elevation with rising sea level.

In this study, we investigated sedimentation and elevation dynamics of mangrove forests in three hydrogeomorphic settings on the islands of Kosrae and Pohnpei , Federated States of Micronesia FSM. Surface accretion rates ranged from 2. Mangrove surface elevation change also varied by hydrogeomorphic setting and river, and suggested differential, and not uniformly bleak, susceptibilities among Pacific high island mangroves to sea-level rise.

Fringe, riverine, and interior settings registered elevation changes of Relative to sea-level rise estimates for FSM 0. Although natural disturbances are important in mediating elevation gain in some situations, constant allochthonous sediment deposition probably matters most on these Pacific high islands, and is especially helpful in certain hydrogeomorphic zones.

Chewing areca betel nut has been deemed carcinogenic. The practice has become a public health concern in Micronesia. This paper describes areca betel nut chewing practices of adults and the health behaviors of their children. Socio-demographics, adult areca betel nut chewing practices, and other health behaviors of children and adults were assessed. Child anthropometric measurements were collected to estimate weight status.

Compared to non-chewing households, areca betel nut chewing households were more likely to have very young children enrolled, more highly educated adults, and members that used tobacco and alcohol. The oral health findings in this study may inform future oral cancer prevention programs or policies.

Regular monitoring of areca betel nut use is needed to measure the impact of such programs or policies. All rights reserved. Symptoms with betel nut and betel nut with tobacco among Micronesian youth. Betel nut has been stated to be addictive, but evidence is lacking. This study describes dependence symptoms among adolescents using betel alone or with tobacco. In the first study, participants were 9th graders in Saipan. In the second study, participants were 9th graders in Pohnpei and Yap.

Participants completed a confidential questionnaire adapted from the U. National Survey of Drug Use and Health, which measured dependence symptoms. The 15 items were summed to form a scale, with a range of , where higher scores indicated greater endorsement of dependence symptoms. In the first study, More than two-thirds of all users The mean SD dependence symptoms scale score among tobacco users was 8. The dependence score was positively associated with frequency of tobacco use e.

A curriculum for an intensive one-day workshop about mangroves, oceans, and climate has been developed for school teachers in the Federated States of Micronesia. These objectives are accomplished by field trips to the ocean and mangrove swamp, where each participant learns how to measure salinity and identify mangrove species. The hands-on field component is followed by a poster development session where participants design, present, and share feedback on their posters that they will bring back to their classrooms.

This experience allows schoolteachers to intimately explore their coastal ecosystems and gain new perspectives about their environment that they can take back to their students.

The workshop was offered to elementary school teachers from 4 of 5 school districts in , , and , led by University of Washington scientists and PREL.

Local education officials and PREL staff will lead future workshops. Actin cytoskeletal damage induces inactivation of the oncoprotein YAP Yes-associated protein. We also found that PKA activity is involved in all contexts previously reported to trigger the LATS— YAP pathway, including actin cytoskeletal damage, G-protein-coupled receptor activation, and engagement of the Hippo pathway.

Inhibition of PKA and overexpression of YAP cooperate to transform normal cells and amplify neural progenitor pools in developing chick embryos. Our study thus incorporates PKA as novel component of the Hippo pathway.

YAP regulates neuronal differentiation through Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Tight regulation of cell numbers by controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis is important during development. Recently, the Hippo pathway has been shown to regulate tissue growth and organ size in Drosophila. In mammalian cells, it also affects cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues, including the nervous system.

Interplay of several signaling cascades, such as Notch, Wnt, and Sonic Hedgehog Shh pathways, control cell proliferation during neuronal differentiation.

However, it remains unclear whether the Hippo pathway coordinates with other signaling cascades in regulating neuronal differentiation. Here, we used P19 cells, a mouse embryonic carcinoma cell line, as a model to study roles of YAP , a core component of the Hippo pathway, in neuronal differentiation. P19 cells can be induced to differentiate into neurons by expressing a neural bHLH transcription factor gene Ascl1. Our results showed that YAP promoted cell proliferation and inhibited neuronal differentiation.

Expression of Yap activated Shh but not Wnt or Notch signaling activity during neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, expression of Yap increased the expression of Patched homolog 1 Ptch1 , a downstream target of the Shh signaling. Knockdown of Gli2, a transcription factor of the Shh pathway, promoted neuronal differentiation even when Yap was over-expressed.

We further demonstrated that over-expression of Yap inhibited neuronal differentiation in primary mouse cortical progenitors and Gli2 knockdown rescued the differentiation defect in Yap over-expressing cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that Shh signaling acts downstream of YAP in regulating neuronal differentiation. However, mechanisms that regulate the localization of p73 have not been fully clarified. The Yes-associated protein YAP is a transcriptional coactivator.

As a transcriptional coactivator, YAP needs to bind transcription factors to stimulate gene expression. In this study, we focused on YAP \’s regulation of the localization of p When expressed alone, YFP-p73 was distributed throughout the cell.

We found that YAP can influence the subcellular distribution of p Altogether, coexpression with YAP affected the subcellular distribution of the p73 protein. Our studies attribute a central role to YAP in regulating p73 accumulation and YAP , at least in part, might promote the nuclear import of p Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, evolved from the gastrointestinal pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Both species have numerous type Va autotransporters, most of which appear to be highly conserved.

By comparing yap K and yap J to three homologous genes in Y. By extending this analysis to include homologous sequences from numerous Y. Since autotransporters are important for virulence in many bacterial pathogens, including Y.

Using established mouse models of Y. In addition, a mutant lacking both of these genes exhibits an additive attenuation, suggesting nonredundant roles for yap J and yap K in systemic Y. However, the deletion of the homologous genes in Y.

YAP functions as a rheostat in maintaining metabolic specialization, differentiation, and quiescence within the hepatocyte compartment. Thus, our work reveals Hippo signaling as a key regulator of the positional identity of hepatocytes, supports targeting of YAP using siRNA-LNPs as a paradigm of differentiation-based therapy, and identifies an HCC subtype that is potentially responsive to this approach.

The vertebrate body shape is formed by the specific sizes and shapes of its resident tissues and organs, whose alignments are essential for proper functioning. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying three-dimensional 3D organ formation and homeostasis are not fully clear. Yes-associated protein YAP is a transcriptional co-activator that is involved in organ size control and tumorigenesis.

Recently, we reported that YAP is essential for proper 3D body shape through regulation of cell tension by using a unique medaka fish mutant, hirame hir.

Furthermore, in a mosaic mouse model, active YAP -expressing damaged hepatocytes undergo apoptosis and are eliminated from the liver. Thus, YAP functions in quantitative and quality control in organogenesis. In this review, we describe the various roles of YAP in vertebrates, including in the initiation of liver cancer.

YAP expression in normal and neoplastic breast tissue: an immunohistochemical study. Yes-associated protein YAP is a transcriptional factor involved in normal cell proliferation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis; however, its contribution to breast cancer BC is still controversial.

We undertook this study to compare the expression of YAP by immunohistochemistry IHC in normal breast tissue of women without breast cancer BC controls , non-neoplastic breast tissue in women with cancer internal controls and in four different subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma.

There was a significant difference in nuclear expression between the ductal BC subtypes. YAP showed decreased expression in tumor cells compared with normal breast tissue. Published by Elsevier Inc. Yap is required for ependymal integrity and is suppressed in LPA-induced hydrocephalus. Timely generation and normal maturation of ependymal cells along the aqueduct are critical for preventing physical blockage between the third and fourth ventricles and the development of fetal non-communicating hydrocephalus.

Our study identifies Yap , the downstream effector of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway, as a central regulator for generating developmentally controlled ependymal cells along the ventricular lining of the aqueduct. Yap function is necessary for proper proliferation of progenitors and apical attachment of ependymal precursor cells. Importantly, an injury signal initiated by lysophosphatidic acid LPA , an upstream regulator of Yap that can cause fetal haemorrhagic hydrocephalus, deregulates Yap in the developing aqueduct.

LPA exposure leads to the loss of N-cadherin concentrations at the apical endfeet, which can be partially restored by forced Yap expression and more efficiently by phosphomimetic Yap. These results reveal a novel function of Yap in retaining tissue junctions during normal development and after fetal brain injury.

YAP is a mechanosensitive transcriptional activator with a critical role in cancer, regeneration, and organ size control. Here, we show that force applied to the nucleus directly drives YAP nuclear translocation by decreasing the mechanical restriction of nuclear pores to molecular transport.

Exposure to a stiff environment leads cells to establish a mechanical connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton, allowing forces exerted through focal adhesions to reach the nucleus.

Force transmission then leads to nuclear flattening, which stretches nuclear pores, reduces their mechanical resistance to molecular transport, and increases YAP nuclear import.

The restriction to transport is further regulated by the mechanical stability of the transported protein, which determines both active nuclear transport of YAP and passive transport of small proteins. Our results unveil a mechanosensing mechanism mediated directly by nuclear pores, demonstrated for YAP but with potential general applicability in transcriptional regulation.

Rhabdomyosarcoma RMS , a cancer characterized by skeletal muscle features, is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood. While low- and intermediate-risk groups have seen improved outcomes, high-risk patients still face a 5-year survival rate of statistic that has not changed in over 40 years. Understanding the biologic underpinnings of RMS is critical. Here, the cross-talk between these pathways and the impact on eRMS tumorigenesis is reported. Using human eRMS cells grown as three-dimensional 3D rhabdospheres, which enriches in stem cells, it was found that Notch signaling transcriptionally upregulates YAP 1 gene expression and YAP activity.

Silencing this circuit for therapeutic purposes may be challenging, because the inhibition of one node e. Instead, dual inhibition of Notch and YAP is necessary. Implications: This study identifies a novel oncogenic signaling circuit driving eRMS stemness and tumorigenesis, and provides evidence and rationale for combination therapies co-targeting Notch and YAP.

Mol Cancer Res; 15 12 ; Nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivator YAP is associated with invasive lobular breast cancer. Yes Associated Protein YAP has been implicated in the control of organ size by regulating cell proliferation and survival. YAP is a transcriptional coactivator that controls cellular responses through interaction with TEAD transcription factors in the nucleus, while its transcriptional functions are inhibited by phosphorylation-dependent translocation to the cytosol.

YAP overexpression has been associated with different types of cancer, such as lung, skin, prostate, ovary and liver cancer. Recently, YAP was linked to E-cadherin-dependent regulation of contact inhibition in breast cancer cells. In this study we examined YAP protein expression and cellular localization in cases of human invasive breast cancer by immunohistochemistry and related its expression to clinicopathological features and E-cadherin expression.

Since our data indicate that nuclear YAP localization is more common in breast cancers lacking functional adherens junctions, it suggests that YAP -mediated transcription may be involved in the development and progression of invasive lobular breast cancer.

The central dogma of gene expression is that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNAs, which in turn serve as the template for protein synthesis. Recently, it has been reported that mRNAs display regulatory roles that rely on their ability to compete for microRNA binding, independent of their protein-coding function. However, the regulatory mechanism of mRNAs remains poorly understood.

Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism of mRNAs in regulatory function. Our findings link energy sensing to the Hippo- YAP pathway and suggest that YAP may integrate spatial contact inhibition, mechanical, and metabolic signals to control cellular proliferation and survival.

Mammalian brain development is regulated by multiple signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Introduction of retroviral vectors expressing YAP or TAZ into the mouse embryonic brain induced cell localization in the ventricular zone VZ , which is the embryonic neural stem cell niche. These effects appear to be TEA domain family transcription factor Tead —dependent; a Tead binding-defective YAP mutant lost the ability to promote neural stem cell characteristics.

Yes-associated protein homolog, YAP -1, is involved in the thermotolerance and aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Although the core components of the Hippo pathway are well conserved in metazoans, it has been discussed that Caenorhabditis elegans lacks YAP ortholog, we found that F13E6. We designated this gene as yap YAP -1 is widely expressed in various cells such as epithelial cells, muscles, hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, spermatheca, and hypodermal cells.

YAP -1 is distributed in cytoplasm and nuclei. YAP -1 overexpression is beneficial for thermotolerance, whereas YAP -1 hyperactivity induced by wts-1 and ftt-2 knockdowns is deleterious on thermal response and yap -1 deficiency promotes health aging. In short, YAP -1 partially shares basal characters with mammalian YAP and plays a role in thermal stress response and healthy aging.

The aim of this study was to optimize the optical coupling conditions between the crystal and photomultiplier tube PMT to maximize the light-collection efficiency, and to develop a method for rejecting scatter events by applying an equal energy window in each crystal layer. The light yields of the phoswich detector were estimated by changing the refractive index of the optical coupling material using a DETECT simulation.

The accuracy of the DOI measurement on the phoswich detector, using an optical coupling material with the optimal light yield, were evaluated experimentally and compared with the air condition. The optimal coverage ratio of the inserting material was derived from a DETECT simulation, and its performance was investigated. In the simulation result, optimal refractive index of the optical coupling material was 1. Master thesis development management- University of Agder, This modified, participatory action research study investigates the potential for 3D printing for development 3DP4D on the remote Pacific island of Pohnpei The Federated States of Micronesia , specifically in an attempt to visualize opportunities for the technology to affect the state and national trade imbalance.

The study examines import statistics and coordinates with government leaders and business manage Highly efficient, diode pumped Tm: YAP lasers generating emission in the 1. Laser performance was characterized for maximum average powers up to 20W with various cavity configurations, all using an intra-cavity lens to compensate for thermal lensing in the Tm: YAP crystal.

Q-switched lasers incorportating a Cr:ZnS saturable absorber SA , resonant mechanical mirror scanner, or acousto-optic modulator were characterized. To enable higher average output powers, measurements of the thermal lens were conducted for the Tm: YAP crystal as a function of pump power and were compared to values predicted by a finiteelement- analysis FEA thermal-optical model of the Tm: YAP crystal.

A resonator model is developed to incorporate this calculated thermal lens and its effect on laser performance. This paper will address approaches for improving the performance of Tm: YAP lasers, and means for achieving increased average output powers while maintaining high optical efficiency for both SA and mechanical Q-switching.

Light emission efficiency and imaging properties of YAP :Ce granular phosphor screens. Kalivas, N. Phosphor materials are used in medical imaging combined with radiographic film or other photodetectors.

Furthermore, YAP :Ce phosphor has been evaluated in conjunction with radiographic films. The present work reports experimental and theoretical data concerning the light output absolute luminescence efficiency AE of the YAP :Ce screens under irradiation conditions employed in medical X-ray projection imaging i.

The resulted surface density of the screens was determined by dividing the phosphor mass deposited on the screen surface with the area of the surface. The highest experimental efficiency was obtained for the The highest DQE value was found for the Yes-associated protein YAP , the nuclear effector of Hippo signaling, regulates cellular growth and survival in multiple organs, including the heart, by interacting with TEA transcriptional enhancer activator -domain sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins.

Recent studies showed that YAP stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival. However, the direct transcriptional targets through which YAP exerts its effects are poorly defined. To identify direct YAP targets that mediate its mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects in the heart. We identified direct YAP targets by combining differential gene expression analysis in YAP gain- and loss-of-function with genome-wide identification of YAP -bound loci using chromatin immunoprecipitation and high throughput sequencing.

Yap gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that YAP is necessary and sufficient to activate the phosphoinositolkinase-Akt pathway. Like Yap , Pik3cb gain-of-function stimulated cardiomyocyte proliferation, and Pik3cb knockdown dampened YAP mitogenic activity.

Reciprocally, impaired heart function in Yap loss-of-function was significantly rescued by adeno-associated virus-mediated Pik3cb expression. Molecular mechanisms governing the maintenance and proliferation of dorsal root ganglia DRG progenitors are largely unknown. The key effectors of this pathway, transcriptional coactivators Yap and Taz, are expressed in DRG progenitors and glia during DRG development but are at least partially inhibited from activating transcription.

Loss of Nf2 leads to similar phenotypes as does YAP hyperactivation, and deleting Yap suppresses these phenotypes. Vanillin causes the activation of Yap 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vanillin and furfural are derived from lignocellulosic biomass and inhibit yeast growth and fermentation as biomass conversion inhibitors. Furfural has been shown to induce oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Since there has been no report on the relationship between vanillin and oxidative stress, we investigated whether vanillin caused oxidative stress in yeast cells.

We showed that vanillin caused the nuclear accumulation of Yap 1, an oxidative stress responsive transcription factor, and subsequent transcriptional activation of Yap 1-target genes.

We also demonstrated that vanillin facilitated the fragmentation of mitochondria. These findings suggest that the toxicity of vanillin involves damage induced by oxidative stress. Published by Elsevier B. Lange, Alexander W.

Following airway injury, Yap was dynamically regulated in regenerating airway epithelial cells. To determine the role of Hippo signaling in the lung, the mammalian Hippo kinases, Mst1 and Mst2, were deleted in epithelial cells of the embryonic and mature mouse lung.

YAP potentiated cell proliferation and inhibited differentiation of human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Ajuba was required for the effects of YAP on cell proliferation in vitro. Commercial coral-reef fisheries across Micronesia: A need for improving management. A dearth of scientific data surrounding Micronesia\’s coral-reef fisheries has limited their formal assessment and continues to hinder local and regional management efforts.

Both environmentally driven catch success and daily catch variability increased in accordance with reef-fish demand indices. Subsequent insight from species composition and size-at-capture data supported these findings, highlighting reduced trophic levels and capture sizes where higher human-population-per-reef-area existed.

Comparatively, Pohnpei has the greatest potential for reef fisheries, with a large reef area km2 and a moderate human population 34, people. However, the estimated harvest volume of mt year-1 was times higher than other jurisdictions. Even on Yap where the reef-fish demand index was lowest We discuss our results with respect to the contemporary doctrine surrounding size-spectra, catch composition, and catch frequencies that afford insight into fishery pressure and status. We posit that regional catch-based policies initially instituted at the market level, combined with area and gear-based restrictions, represent plausible vectors for improving Micronesian fisheries.

The Hippo signaling pathway controls organ size and tumorigenesis through a kinase cascade that inactivates Yes-associated protein YAP. Here, we show that YAP plays a central role in controlling the progression of cervical cancer. Our results suggest that YAP expression is associated with a poor prognosis for cervical cancer. HPV E6 protein, a major etiological molecule of cervical cancer, maintains high YAP protein levels in cervical cancer cells by preventing proteasome-dependent YAP degradation to drive cervical cancer cell proliferation.

Results from human cervical cancer genomic databases and an accepted transgenic mouse model strongly support the clinical relevance of the discovered feed-forward signaling loop. Our study indicates that combined targeting of the Hippo and the ERBB signaling pathways represents a novel therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. Full Text Available Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol present in most plants, inhibits the growth of numerous cancers both in vitro and in vivo.

Aberrant expression of YAP has been reported to activate multiple growth-regulatory pathways and confer anti-apoptotic abilities to many cancer cells. In this study, we found that resveratrol suppressed the proliferation and cloning ability and induced the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. YAP silencing by siRNA or resveratrol enhanced the sensitivity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells.

Taken together, these findings demonstrate that resveratrol could increase the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine by inhibiting YAP expression. More importantly, our work reveals that resveratrol is a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, and YAP may serve as a promising target for sensitizing pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy.

Transcriptional integration of mitogenic and mechanical signals by Myc and YAP. Mammalian cells must integrate environmental cues to determine coherent physiological responses. Here, we show that these factors coordinately regulate genes required for cell proliferation.

Activation of Myc led to extensive association with its genomic targets, most of which were prebound by TEAD. At these loci, recruitment of YAP was Myc-dependent and led to full transcriptional activation.

This cooperation was critical for cell cycle entry, organ growth, and tumorigenesis. Sex determination of Pohnpei Micronesian kingfishers using morphological and molecular genetic techniques. Conservation-oriented studies of Micronesian Kingfishers Todiramphus cinnamominus have been hindered by a lack of basic natural history information, despite the status of the Guam subspecies T.

We used tissue samples and morphometric measures from museum specimens and wild-captured Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers T. We present a modified molecular protocol and a discriminant function that yields the probability that a particular individual is male or female. Sex determination using molecular genetic techniques was more reliable than methods based on morphology.

Our results will facilitate recovery efforts for the critically endangered Guam Micronesian Kingfisher and provide a basis for sex determination in the 11 other endangered congeners in the Pacific Basin.

Yap 1 is dispensable for self-renewal but required for proper differentiation of mouse embryonic stem ES cells. Yap 1 is a transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo pathway. The importance of Yap 1 in early cell fate decision during embryogenesis has been well established, though its role in embryonic stem ES cells remains elusive. Here, we report that Yap 1 plays crucial roles in normal differentiation rather than self-renewal of ES cells. Yap 1-depleted ES cells maintain undifferentiated state with a typical colony morphology as well as robust alkaline phosphatase activity.

These cells also retain comparable levels of the core pluripotent factors, such as Pou5f1 and Sox2, to the levels in wild-type ES cells without significant alteration of lineage-specific marker genes.

Conversely, overexpression of Yap 1 in ES cells promotes nuclear translocation of Yap 1, resulting in disruption of self-renewal and triggering differentiation by up-regulating lineage-specific genes. Moreover, Yap 1-deficient ES cells show impaired induction of lineage markers during differentiation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Yap 1 is a required factor for proper differentiation of mouse ES cells, while remaining dispensable for self-renewal.

Full Text Available Background. The burden of cardiovascular disease CVD is increasing in low-to-middle income countries. We examined how socioeconomic and demographic characteristics may be associated with CVD risk factors and healthcare access in such countries. In general, we found significantly higher proportions of daily tobacco use among men than women and respondents reporting primary-level education 12 years.

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