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The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper and news website [5] [6] published in London. Founded in , it is the United Kingdom \’s highest-circulated daily newspaper. Content from the paper appears on the MailOnline website, although the website is managed separately and has its own editor. The paper is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust.

A survey in found the average age of its readers was 58, and it had the lowest demographic for to year-olds among the major British dailies. The Daily Mail has won a number of awards, including receiving the National Newspaper of the Year award from The Press Awards eight times since , winning again in The Mail was originally a broadsheet but switched to a compact format on 3 May , the 75th anniversary of its founding. Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in February show gross daily sales of 1,, for the Daily Mail.

He testified before a House of Lords select committee that \”we need to allow editors the freedom to edit\”, and therefore the newspaper\’s editor was free to decide editorial policy, including its political allegiance. It was an immediate success. The planned issue was , copies but the print run on the first day was , and additional printing facilities had to be acquired to sustain a circulation which rose to , in Lord Salisbury , 19th-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , dismissed the Daily Mail as \”a newspaper produced by office boys for office boys.

With Harold running the business side of the operation and Alfred as editor, the Mail from the start adopted an imperialist political stance, taking a patriotic line in the Second Boer War , leading to claims that it was not reporting the issues of the day objectively. In the Daily Mail began printing simultaneously in both Manchester and London, the first national newspaper to do so in , the Daily Mail had organised special trains to bring the London-printed papers north.

The same production method was adopted in by the Daily Sketch , in by the Daily Express and eventually by virtually all the other national newspapers. Printing of the Scottish Daily Mail was switched from Edinburgh to the Deansgate plant in Manchester in and, for a while, The People was also printed on the Mail presses in Deansgate.

In , printing at Deansgate ended and the northern editions were thereafter printed at other Associated Newspapers plants. For a time in the early 20th century, the paper championed vigorously against the \” Yellow Peril \”, warning of the alleged dangers said to be posted by Chinese immigration to the United Kingdom.

The paper continued to award prizes for aviation sporadically until Before the outbreak of the First World War , the paper was accused of warmongering when it reported that Germany was planning to crush the British Empire. Kitchener was considered by some to be a national hero. The paper\’s circulation dropped from 1,, to , Fifteen hundred members of the London Stock Exchange burned unsold copies and called for a boycott of the Harmsworth Press.

Prime Minister H. Asquith accused the paper of being disloyal to the country. When Kitchener died, the Mail reported it as a great stroke of luck for the British Empire. Northcliffe declined. Light-hearted stunts enlivened Northcliffe, such as the \’Hat campaign\’ in the winter of There were 40, entries and the winner was a cross between a top hat and a bowler christened the Daily Mail Sandringham Hat.

The paper subsequently promoted the wearing of it but without much success. At first, Northcliffe had disdained this as a publicity stunt to sell advertising and he refused to attend. But his wife exerted pressure upon him and he changed his view, becoming more supportive. By the editorial side of the paper was fully engaged in promoting the benefits of modern appliances and technology to free its female readers from the drudgery of housework. His physical and mental health declined rapidly in , and he died in August at age His brother Lord Rothermere took full control of the paper.

Rothermere had a fundamentally elitist conception of politics, believing that the natural leaders of Britain were upper class men like himself, and he strongly disapproved of the decision to grant women the right to vote together with the end of the franchise requirements that disfranchised lower-class men.

It was because Mussolini overthrew Bolshevism in Italy that it collapsed in Hungary and ceased to gain adherents in Bavaria and Prussia\”. On 25 October , the Daily Mail published the Zinoviev letter , which indicated Moscow was directing British Communists toward violent revolution. It was later proven to be a hoax. At the time many on the left blamed the letter for the defeat of Ramsay MacDonald \’s Labour Party in the general election , held four days later.

Unlike most newspapers, the Mail quickly took up an interest on the new medium of radio. In , the newspaper established an early example of an offshore radio station aboard a yacht, both as a means of self-promotion and as a way to break the BBC\’s monopoly.

However, the project failed as the equipment was not able to provide a decent signal from overboard, and the transmitter was replaced by a set of speakers. The yacht spent the summer entertaining beach-goers with gramophone records interspersed with publicity for the newspaper and its insurance fund.

The Mail was also a frequent sponsor on continental commercial radio stations targeted towards Britain throughout the s and s and periodically voiced support for the legalisation of private radio, something that would not happen until Their opponent was the Conservative Party politician and leader Stanley Baldwin.

Rothermere in a leader conceded that Fascist methods were \”not suited to a country like our own\”, but qualified his remark with the statement \”if our northern cities became Bolshevik we would need them\”. Mussolini will probably dominate the history of the twentieth century as Napoleon dominated the early nineteen century\”. The rise of the new party dominated the newspaper and, even though Beaverbrook soon withdrew, Rothermere continued to campaign.

Baldwin\’s position was now in doubt, but in Duff Cooper won the key by-election at St George\’s, Westminster , beating the United Empire Party candidate, Sir Ernest Petter , supported by Rothermere, and this broke the political power of the press barons.

In , Rothermere under the influence of his Hungarian mistress, Countess Stephanie von Hohenlohe , took up the cause of Hungary as his own, publishing a leader on 21 June entitled \”Hungary\’s Place in the Sun\”.

One of the major themes of The Daily Mail was the opposition to the Indian independence movement and much of Rothermere\’s opposition to Baldwin was based upon the belief that Baldwin was not sufficiently opposed to Indian independence. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler , and directed the Mail\’s editorial stance towards them in the early s.

Accordingly they have formed, as I should like to see our British youth form, a parliamentary party of their own We can do nothing to check this movement [the Nazis] and I believe it would be a blunder for the British people to take up an attitude of hostility towards it\”. Rothermere\’s leader \”Youth Triumphant\” praised the new Nazi regime\’s accomplishments, and was subsequently used as propaganda by them. Journalist John Simpson , in a book on journalism, suggested that Rothermere was referring to the violence against Jews and Communists rather than the detention of political prisoners.

The average Daily Mail reader is a potential Blackshirt ready made. When Lord Rothermere tells his clientele to go and join the Fascists some of them pretty certainly will. Ribbentrop had the German Embassy in London headed by Herbert von Dirksen provide translations from pro-appeasement newspapers like the Daily Mail and the Daily Express for Hitler\’s benefit, which had the effect of making it seem that British public opinion was more strongly against going to war for Poland then was actually the case.

Winston Churchill was the chief guest at the banquet and toasted it with a speech. The Daily Mail was transformed by its editor during the s and s, David English. He had been editor of the Daily Sketch from to , when it closed. Part of the same group from , the Sketch was absorbed by its sister title, and English became editor of the Mail , a post in which he remained for more than 20 years.

The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the s, employing Fleet Street writers such as gossip columnist Nigel Dempster , Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge who unlike some of his colleagues — the paper generally did not support sporting boycotts of white-minority-ruled South Africa — strongly opposed apartheid. The Evening Standard was then part of the Associated Newspapers group, and Dacre was appointed to succeed English at the Daily Mail as a means of dealing with Murdoch\’s offer.

The agreement appeared to observers to give the paper an edge in publishing news stories sourced out of China, but it also led to questions of censorship regarding politically sensitive topics. Phil McGraw Stage 29 Productions was named as executive producer. The Daily Mail recorded average daily sales of , copies, with the Mail on Sunday recording weekly sales of , The Scottish Daily Mail was published as a separate title from Edinburgh [] starting in December The circulation was poor though, falling to below , and the operation was rebased to Manchester in December It had an average circulation of 67, in the area of Scotland in December The Daily Mail officially entered the Irish market with the launch of a local version of the paper on 6 February ; free copies of the paper were distributed on that day in some locations to publicise the launch.

The Irish version includes stories of Irish interest alongside content from the UK version. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the Irish edition had a circulation of 63, for July , [] falling to an average of 49, for the second half of Two foreign editions were begun in and ; the former titled the Overseas Daily Mail , covering the world, and the latter titled the Continental Daily Mail , covering Europe and North Africa.

The newspaper entered India on 16 November with the launch of Mail Today , [] a page compact size newspaper printed in Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida with a print run of , copies.

Based around a subscription model, the newspaper has the same fonts and feel as the Daily Mail and was set up with investment from Associated Newspapers and editorial assistance from the Daily Mail newsroom. Between and , it supported the Kapil Sibal—led reforms to change the undergraduate structure at the University of Delhi. As a right-wing tabloid, [1] [2] [3] the Mail is traditionally a supporter of the Conservative Party. It has endorsed the party in every UK general election since , with the one exception of the October UK general election , where it endorsed a Liberal and Conservative coalition.

The paper is generally critical of the BBC , which it says is biased to the left. On international affairs, the Mail broke with the establishment media consensus over the South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia.

The Mail accused the British government of dragging Britain into an unnecessary confrontation with Russia and of hypocrisy regarding its protests over Russian recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia \’s independence, citing the British government\’s own recognition of Kosovo \’s independence from Russia\’s ally Serbia. The Daily Mail has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in , , , , , , and [] by the British Press Awards. The term \” suffragette \” was first used in , as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E.

Hands in the Mail to describe activists in the movement for women\’s suffrage, in particular members of the WSPU. On 17 January , the Mail published a story, \”The holes in our roads\”, about potholes , giving the examples of Blackburn where it said there were 4, holes. This detail was then immortalised by John Lennon in The Beatles song \” A Day in the Life \”, along with an account of the death of year-old socialite Tara Browne in a car crash on 18 December , which also appeared in the same issue.

In , the Daily Mail ran an investigation into the Unification Church , nicknamed the Moonies, accusing them of ending marriages and brainwashing converts. In the paper won a special British Press Award for a \”relentless campaign against the malignant practices of the Unification Church.

On 16 July , the Mail ran the headline \”Abortion hope after \’gay genes\’ finding\”. The Mail campaigned vigorously for justice over the murder of Stephen Lawrence in Two men who the Mail had featured in their \”Murderers\” headline were found guilty in of murdering Lawrence.

After the verdict, Lawrence\’s parents and numerous political figures thanked the newspaper for taking the potential financial risk involved with the headline.

It was published six days after his death and before his funeral. The Press Complaints Commission received over 25, complaints, a record number, regarding the timing and content of the article. It was criticised as insensitive, inaccurate and homophobic.

On 13 June , a study by Dr Matt Jones and Michal Kucewicz [] on the effects of cannabinoid receptor activation in the brain was published in The Journal of Neuroscience [] [] [] and the British medical journal The Lancet.

 
 

 

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Chatsworth House is a stately home in the Derbyshire Dales , 3. The seat of the Duke of Devonshire , it has belonged to the Cavendish family since It stands on the east bank of the River Derwent , across from hills between the Derwent and Wye valleys, amid parkland backed by wooded hills that rise to heather moorland.

The house holds major collections of paintings, furniture, Old Master drawings, neoclassical sculptures and books.

Chosen several times as Britain\’s favourite country house, [2] [3] it is a Grade I listed property from the 17th century, altered in the 18th and 19th centuries. The name \’Chatsworth\’ is a corruption of Chetel\’s-worth , meaning \”the Court of Chetel\”. They enclosed the first park at Chatsworth and built a house on the high ground in what is now the south-eastern part of the garden.

In they sold all their property in the area to Sir William Cavendish , Treasurer of the King\’s Chamber and the husband of Bess of Hardwick , who had persuaded him to sell his property in Suffolk and settle in her native county. Bess began to build the new house in She selected a site near the river, which was drained by digging a series of reservoirs, which doubled as fish ponds. Sir William died in , but Bess finished the house in the s and lived there with her fourth husband, George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury.

In Shrewsbury was entrusted with the custody of Mary, Queen of Scots , and brought his prisoner to Chatsworth several times from onwards. She lodged in the apartment now known as the Queen of Scots rooms, on the top floor above the great hall, which faces onto the inner courtyard. An accomplished needlewoman , Bess joined Mary at Chatsworth for extended periods in , , and , during which time they worked together on the Oxburgh Hangings. Few changes were made at Chatsworth until the midth century.

He left England for the safety of the continent and his estates were sequestered. He reconstructed the principal rooms in an attempt to make them more comfortable, but the Elizabethan house was outdated and unsafe. The famed political philosopher Thomas Hobbes spent the last four or five years of his life at Chatsworth Hall, then owned by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire.

He had been a friend of the family for nearly 70 years, having taken a job tutoring the 2nd Earl shortly after graduating from St John\’s College, Cambridge in After his death, many of Hobbes\’ manuscripts were found at Chatsworth House.

William Cavendish, 4th Earl of Devonshire, who became the 1st Duke in for helping to put William of Orange on the English throne, was an advanced Whig. This called for rebuilding the house, which began in Cavendish aimed initially to reconstruct only the south wing with the State Apartments and so decided to retain the Elizabethan courtyard plan, although its layout was becoming increasingly unfashionable.

The North Front was completed in just before he died. William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire , and William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire , made no changes to the house or gardens, but both contributed much to the collection found at Chatsworth at the time. Connoisseurs of the arts, they included in the collection paintings, Old Master drawings and prints, ancient coins and carved Greek and Roman sculptures. Palladian furniture designed by William Kent was commissioned by the 3rd Duke when he had Devonshire House in London rebuilt after a fire in When Devonshire House was sold and demolished in , the furniture was transferred to Chatsworth.

The 4th Duke made great changes to the house and gardens. He decided the approach to the house should be from the west. He had the old stables and offices as well as parts of Edensor village pulled down so they were not visible from the house, and replaced the 1st Duke\’s formal gardens with a more natural look, designed by Lancelot \”Capability\” Brown, which he helped bring into fashion.

Lord Burlington was an accomplished architect in his own right with many works to his name including Chiswick House. With his death, his important collection of architectural drawings and Inigo Jones masque designs, Old Master paintings and William Kent-designed furniture were transferred to the Dukes of Devonshire. This inheritance also brought many estates to the family. In , William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire , married Georgiana Spencer famous as a socialite who gathered around her a large circle of literary and political friends.

Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds would paint her; the Gainsborough painting would be disposed of by the 5th Duke and be recovered much later, after many vicissitudes. The film The Duchess portrayed their life together. Georgiana was the great-great-great-great aunt of Diana, Princess of Wales ; their lives, centuries apart, have been compared in tragedy. The 6th Duke known as \”the Bachelor Duke\” was a passionate traveller, builder, gardener and collector, who transformed Chatsworth.

These covered , acres km 2 of land in England and Ireland. The Duke was a collector especially of sculpture and books. When he built the North Wing to the designs of Sir Jeffry Wyatville , it included a purpose-built Sculpture Gallery to house his collection. He took over several rooms in the house to contain the entire libraries he was purchasing at auction. The 6th Duke loved to entertain, and the early 19th century saw a rise in popularity of country-house parties.

In addition to a sculpture gallery, the new north wing housed an orangery, a theatre, a Turkish bath, a dairy, a vast new kitchen and numerous servants rooms.

In the Duke increased the guest accommodation by converting suites of rooms into individual guest bedrooms. People invited to stay at Chatsworth spent their days hunting, riding, reading and playing billiards. In the evening formal dinners would take place, followed by music, charades and billiards or conversation in the smoking room for the men.

Women would return to their bedroom many times during the day to change their outfits. The guest bedrooms on the east front at Chatsworth are the most complete set from the period to survive with their original furnishings.

In October , Princess Victoria later Queen Victoria and her mother, the Duchess of Kent , visited Chatsworth, where the Princess had her first formal adult dinner at the age of 13, in the new dining room. The 6th Duke had another chance to welcome Victoria in , when the Queen and Prince Albert returned to enjoy an array of illumination in the gardens, in the conservatory and on the fountains, forming a scene of \”unparalleled display and grandeur\”, according to one guest.

The Duke spent 47 years transforming the house and gardens. A Latin inscription over the fireplace in the Painted Hall translates, \”William Spencer, Duke of Devonshire, inherited this most beautiful house from his father in the year , which had been begun in the year of English liberty , and completed it in the year of his bereavement The year brought the death of the Duke\’s beloved niece Blanche, who was married to his heir, the future 7th Duke. In , the 6th Duke privately printed and published a book called Handbook to Chatsworth and Hardwick , giving a history of the Cavendish family\’s two main estates.

It was praised by Charles Dickens. Social change and taxes in the early 20th century began to affect the Devonshires\’ lifestyle. This was a small charge compared with that of 42 years later, but the estate was already burdened with debt from the 6th Duke\’s extravagances, the failure of the 7th Duke\’s business ventures at Barrow-in-Furness , and the depression in British agriculture apparent since the s.

In the family sold 25 books printed by William Caxton and a collection of 1, volumes of plays acquired by the 6th Duke, including four Shakespeare folios and 39 Shakespeare quartos , to the Huntington Library in California. Tens of thousands of acres of land in Somerset , Sussex and Derbyshire were also sold during or just after the First World War. It snowed almost constantly while they were there and the King reportedly started a snowball fight , in which the assembled ladies enthusiastically joined, when he met the Marquis of Soveral , the Portuguese Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St James\’s.

In the family\’s London mansion, Devonshire House , which occupied a 3-acre 12, m 2 site in Piccadilly , was sold to developers and demolished. Much of its contents went to Chatsworth and a much smaller house at 2 Carlton Gardens near The Mall was acquired.

The Great Conservatory in the garden at Chatsworth was demolished, as it needed 10 men to run it, huge quantities of coal to heat it and all the plants had died during the war, when no coal had been available for non-essential purposes. To reduce running costs further, there was talk of pulling down the 6th Duke\’s north wing, which was then seen as having no aesthetic or historical value, but nothing came of it.

Nonetheless, life at Chatsworth continued much as before. The household was run by a comptroller and domestic staff were still available, although more so in the countryside than the cities. The staff at Chatsworth at the time consisted of a butler, an under-butler, a groom of the chambers, a valet, three footmen, a housekeeper, the Duchess\’s maid, 11 housemaids, two sewing women, a cook, two kitchen maids, a vegetable maid, two or three scullery maids, two still-room maids, a dairy maid, six laundry maids and the Duchess\’s secretary.

All these 38 or 39 people lived in the house. Daily staff included the odd man, an upholsterer, a scullery maid, two scrubbing women, a laundry porter, a steam boiler man, a coal man, two porter\’s lodge attendants, two night firemen, a night porter, two window cleaners, and a team of joiners, plumbers and electricians.

The Clerk of Works supervised the maintenance of the house and other properties on the estate. There were also grooms, chauffeurs and gamekeepers. The number of garden staff was somewhere between 80 in the 6th Duke\’s time and the 20 or so in the early 21st century. There was also a librarian, Francis Thompson, who wrote the first book-length account of Chatsworth since the 6th Duke\’s handbook.

Some of those used as barracks were badly damaged, but the 10th Duke , thinking that schoolgirls would make better tenants than soldiers, arranged for Chatsworth to be occupied by Penrhos College , a girls\’ public school in Colwyn Bay , Wales.

The contents were packed away in 11 days, and in September , girls and their mistresses moved in for a six-year stay. The whole house was used, including the state rooms, which were turned into dormitories.

Condensation from the breath of the sleeping girls caused fungus to grow behind some of the pictures. The house was not very comfortable for so many people, with a shortage of hot water, but there were compensations, such as skating on the Canal Pond.

The girls grew vegetables in the garden as a contribution to the war effort. However, he was killed in action in Belgium in September and Kathleen died in a plane crash in His younger brother Andrew became the 11th Duke in The modern history of Chatsworth begins in The family had yet to move back after the war. Although the 10th Duke had transferred his assets to his son during his lifetime in the hope of avoiding death duties , the Duke died a few weeks too early for the lifetime exemption to apply and tax was charged at 80 per cent on the estate.

Some of the family\’s advisors considered the situation irretrievable and there was a proposal to transfer Chatsworth to the nation as a Victoria and Albert Museum of Northern England. Instead, the Duke decided to retain his family\’s home if he could. He sold tens of thousands of acres of land, transferred Hardwick Hall to the National Trust in lieu of tax, and sold some major works of art from Chatsworth.

The family\’s Sussex house, Compton Place was lent to a school. The effect of the death duties was mitigated to an extent by the historically low value of art in the post-war years and the increase in land values after , during the post-war agricultural revival, and so on the face of it the losses were much less than 80 per cent in terms of physical assets.

In Derbyshire 35, acres km 2 were retained out of 83, acres km 2. Still, it took 17 years to complete negotiations with the Inland Revenue , interest being due in the meantime. The Chatsworth Estate is now managed by the Trustees of the Chatsworth Settlement, established in The 10th Duke was pessimistic about the future of houses like Chatsworth and made no plans to move back in after the war.

After Penrhos College left in , the only people who slept in the house were two housemaids, but over the winter of — the house was cleaned and tidied for reopening to the public by two Hungarian women, who had been Kathleen Kennedy\’s cook and housemaid in London, and a team of their compatriots. In the mids, the 11th Duke and Duchess began to think about moving in. The pre-war house had relied wholly on a large staff for its comforts, and lacked modern facilities.

The building was rewired, the plumbing and heating were overhauled, and six self-contained staff flats created to replace the small staff bedrooms and communal servants\’ hall.